{"belief_id":45,"count":1,"challenges":[{"id":1,"belief_id":45,"observed_on":"2023-03-01","kind":"contrary_finding","summary":"Macnamara and Burgoyne (Psychological Bulletin, 2023) reviewed 63 growth-mindset intervention studies (N=97,672). The pooled effect on academic achievement was d=0.05 and became nonsignificant after publication-bias correction. The highest-quality subset (6 studies, N=13,571) was d=0.02, CI crossing zero. Authors with a financial incentive to report positive findings published larger effects. This does not say intelligence is fixed. It does say the popular classroom-intervention claim did not survive quality-weighted aggregation, which sits against this card's current line that growth mindset is supported.","source_url":"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/36326645\/","state":"open","raised_by":"human:Captain"}]}